The publications are organized below into five categories: (1) Pro-WEAI and methods development; (2) GAAP2 projects for pro-WEAI; (3) Pro-WEAI for Market Inclusion (Pro-WEAI+MI); (4) Pro-WEAI for Health and Nutrition (Pro-WEAI+HN); and (5) Reviews of the literature, and are listed chronologically within categories.
(1) Pro-WEAI and methods development
Johnson, Nancy; Balagamwala, Mysbah; Pinkstaff, Crossley; Theis, Sophie; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela; Quisumbing, Agnes R. 2018. How do agricultural development projects empower women? What hasn’t worked and what might. Journal of Agriculture, Gender, and Food Security 3(2):1-19. https://doi.org/10.19268/JGAFS.322018.1
Malapit, Hazel J.; Quisumbing, Agnes R.; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela; Seymour, Gregory; Martinez, Elena M.; Heckert, Jessica; Rubin, Deborah; Vaz, Ana; and Yount, Kathryn M. 2019. Development of the project-level Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (pro-WEAI). IFPRI Discussion Paper 1796. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133061
https://www.ifpri.org/cdmref/p15738coll2/id/133061/filename/133271.pdf
Malapit, Hazel J.; Quisumbing, Agnes R.; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela; Seymour, Gregory; Martinez, Elena M.; Heckert, Jessica; Rubin, Deborah; Vaz, Ana; Yount, Kathryn M.; and Gender Agriculture Assets Project Phase 2 (GAAP2) Study Team. 2019. Development of the project-level Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (pro-WEAI). World Development 122(October 2019): 675-692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.06.018
Yount, Kathryn M.; Cheong, Yuk Fai; Maxwell, Lauren; Heckert, Jessica; Martinez, Elena M.; and Seymour, Gregory. 2019. Measurement properties of the Project-Level Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index. IFPRI Discussion Paper 1798. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/133077
https://www.ifpri.org/cdmref/p15738coll2/id/133077/filename/133290.pdf
Yount, Kathryn M.; Cheong, Yuk Fai; Maxwell, Lauren; Heckert, Jessica; Martinez, Elena M.; and Seymour, Gregory. 2019. Measurement properties of the project-level Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index. World Development 124(December 2019): 104639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104639
Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela; Rubin, Deborah; Elias, Marlène; Mulema, Annet Abenakyo; and Myers, Emily. 2019. Women’s empowerment in agriculture: Lessons from qualitative research. IFPRI Discussion Paper 1797. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/133060
https://www.ifpri.org/cdmref/p15738coll2/id/133060/filename/133272.pdf
Hannan, Anika; Heckert, Jessica; James‐Hawkins, Laurie; and Yount, Kathryn M. 2020. Cognitive interviewing to improve women's empowerment questions in surveys: Application to the health and nutrition and intrahousehold relationships modules for the project‐level Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index. Maternal & child nutrition, 16(1), e12871. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12871
Seymour, Gregory; Malapit, Hazel J.; and Quisumbing, Agnes R. 2020. Measuring time use in developing country agriculture: Evidence from Bangladesh and Uganda. Feminist Economics 26(3): 169-199. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2020.1749867
Heckert, Jessica; Myers, Emily; and Malapit, Hazel J. 2020. Developing survey-based measures of gendered freedom of movement for use in studies of agricultural value chains. IFPRI Discussion Paper 1966. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.134048
https://www.ifpri.org/cdmref/p15738coll2/id/134048/filename/134259.pdf
Martinez, Elena M.; Myers, Emily; and Pereira, Audrey. 2020. The Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index. In Routledge Handbook of Gender and Agriculture, eds. Carolyn E. Sachs, Leif Jensen, Paige Castellanos, and Kathleen Sexsmith. Part Three: Knowledge, Methods, and Access to Information, Chapter 23. https://www.routledge.com/Routledge-Handbook-of-Gender-and-Agriculture/Sachs-Jensen-Castellanos-Sexsmith/p/book/9780367190019
Eissler, Sarah; Heckert, Jessica; Myers, Emily; Seymour, Gregory; Sinharoy, Sheela; and Yount, Kathryn M. 2021. Exploring gendered experiences of time-use agency in Benin, Malawi, and Nigeria as a new concept to measure women’s empowerment. IFPRI Discussion Paper 2003. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.134275
https://www.ifpri.org/cdmref/p15738coll2/id/134275/filename/134486.pdf
Doss, Cheryl; and Rubin, Deborah. 2021. Exploring women’s empowerment using a mixed methods approach. IFPRI Discussion Paper 2035. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.134478
https://www.ifpri.org/cdmref/p15738coll2/id/134478/filename/134689.pdf
Quisumbing, Agnes; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth; Malapit, Hazel. 2022. Women’s empowerment and gender equality in South Asian agriculture: Measuring progress using the project-level Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (pro-WEAI) in Bangladesh and India. World Development 151(March 2022): 105396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105396
Quisumbing, Agnes R.; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela; Malapit, Hazel J.; Seymour, Greg; Heckert, Jessica; Doss, Cheryl; Johnson, Nancy; Rubin, Deborah; Thai, Giang; Ramani, Gayathri V.; Myers, Emily; and GAAP2 for pro-WEAI Study Team. 2022. Can agricultural development projects empower women? A synthesis of mixed methods evaluations using pro-WEAI in the gender, agriculture, and assets project (phase 2) portfolio. IFPRI Discussion Paper 2137. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.136405
https://www.ifpri.org/cdmref/p15738coll2/id/136405/filename/136617.pdf
(2) GAAP2 projects for pro-WEAI
ANGeL (Bangladesh)
Quisumbing, Agnes R.; Ahmed, Akhter; Hoddinott, John F.; Pereira, Audrey; and Roy, Shalini. 2020. Designing for empowerment impact in agricultural development projects: Experimental evidence from the Agriculture, Nutrition, and Gender Linkages (ANGeL) project in Bangladesh. IFPRI Discussion Paper 1957. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133872
https://www.ifpri.org/cdmref/p15738coll2/id/133872/filename/134091.pdf
Quisumbing, Agnes R.; Ahmed, Akhter; Hoddinott, John F.; Pereira, Audrey; and Roy, Shalini. 2021. Designing for empowerment impact in agricultural development projects: experimental evidence from the agriculture, nutrition, and gender linkages (angel) project in Bangladesh. World Development, 146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105622
Ahmed, Akhter; Coleman, Fiona; Ghostlaw, Julie; Hoddinott, John F.; Menon, Purnima; Parvin, Aklima; Pereira, Audrey; Quisumbing, Agnes R.; Roy, Shalini; and Younus, Masuma. 2022. Increasing production diversity and diet quality through agriculture, gender, and nutrition linkages: A cluster-randomized controlled trial in Bangladesh. IFPRI Discussion Paper 2112. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.135845
https://www.ifpri.org/cdmref/p15738coll2/id/135845/filename/136051.pdf
Ahmed, Akhter; Coleman, Fiona; Hoddinott, John F.; Menon, Purnima; Parvin, Aklima; Pereira, Audrey; Quisumbing, Agnes R.; and Roy, Shalini. 2022. Comparing delivery channels to promote nutrition-sensitive agriculture: A cluster-randomized controlled trial in Bangladesh. IFPRI Discussion Paper 2149. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.136473
https://www.ifpri.org/cdmref/p15738coll2/id/136473/filename/136685.pdf
AVC (Bangladesh)
de Brauw, Alan; Kramer, Berber; and Murphy, Mike. 2021. Migration, labor and women’s empowerment: Evidence from an agricultural value chain in Bangladesh. World Development 142(June 2021): 105445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105445
FAARM (Bangladesh)
Dupuis, S., Hennink, M., Wendt, A.S. et al. Women’s empowerment through homestead food production in rural Bangladesh. BMC Public Health 22, 134 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12524-2
Jillian L. Waid, Amanda S. Wendt, Sheela S. Sinharoy, Abdul Kader, Sabine Gabrysch, Impact of a homestead food production program on women's empowerment: Pro-WEAI results from the FAARM trial in Bangladesh, World Development, Volume 158, 2022, 106001, ISSN 0305-750X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.106001
Grameen (Burkina Faso)
Crookston, B.T., West, J.H., Davis, S.F. et al. Understanding female and male empowerment in Burkina Faso using the project-level Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (pro-WEAI): a longitudinal study. BMC Women's Health 21, 230 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-021-01371-9
Heifer (Nepal)
Janzen, Sarah, Nicholas Magnan, Sudhindra Sharma, and William Thompson. 2018. "Short-Term Impacts of a Pay-It-Forward Livestock Transfer and Training Program in Nepal." AEA Papers and Proceedings, 108: 422-25. DOI: 10.1257/pandp.20181120
https://doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20181120
Doss, Cheryl R.; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela; Pereira, Audrey; and Pradhan, Rajendra. 2020. Women’s empowerment, extended families and male migration in Nepal: Insights from mixed methods analysis. IFPRI Discussion Paper 1977. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.134159
https://www.ifpri.org/cdmref/p15738coll2/id/134159/filename/134372.pdf
Doss C.R., Meinzen-Dick R., Pereira A., Pradhan R. Women’s empowerment, extended families and male migration in Nepal: Insights from mixed methods analysis. J Rural Stud. 2022 Feb;90:13-25. Doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2022.01.003
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2022.01.003
iDE (Ghana)
Bryan, Elizabeth; and Garner, Elisabeth. 2020. What does empowerment mean to women in northern Ghana? Insights from research around a small-scale irrigation intervention. IFPRI Discussion Paper 1909. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133596
https://www.ifpri.org/cdmref/p15738coll2/id/133596/filename/133808.pdf
Bryan, Elizabeth; and Garner, Elisabeth. 2022. Understanding the pathways to women’s empowerment in Northern Ghana and the relationship with small-scale irrigation. Agriculture and Human Values, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-021-10291-1
Bryan, Elizabeth; and Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework. 2023. Does small-scale irrigation provide a pathway to women's empowerment? Lessons from Northern Ghana. Journal of Rural Studies 97(January 2023): 474-484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2022.12.035
JP-RWEE (Ethiopia)
Hillesland, Marya; Kaaria, Susan; Mane, Erdgin; Alemu, Mihret; and Slavchevska, Vanya. 2021. Did a microfinance ‘plus’ programme empower female farmers and pastoralists and improve intrahousehold equality in rural Ethiopia? Evidence from an impact evaluation using a Project-Women’s Empowerment in Agricultural Index (pro-WEAI) survey tool. IFPRI Discussion Paper 2037. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.134482
https://www.ifpri.org/cdmref/p15738coll2/id/134482/filename/134693.pdf
Hillesland, Marya; Kaaria, Susan; Mane, Erdgin; Alemu, Mihret; and Slavchevska, Vanya. 2022. Does a joint United Nations microfinance ‘plus’ program empower female farmers in rural Ethiopia? Evidence using the pro-WEAI, World Development, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105909
Maisha Bora (Tanzania)
Brooke Krause, Aine Seitz McCarthy, and Susan James. 2020. Pastoralists and Power: The Impact of a Food Security Program on Women's Agency in Northern Tanzania. Unpublished manuscript.
SELEVER (Burkina Faso)
Eissler, Sarah; Sanou, Armande; Heckert, Jessica; Myers, Emily; Nignan, Safiatou; Thio, Elisabeth; Pitropia, Lucienne Amélie; Ganaba, Rasmané; Pedehombga, Abdoulaye; and Gelli, Aulo. 2020. Gender dynamics, women’s empowerment, and diets: Qualitative findings from an impact evaluation of a nutrition-sensitive poultry value chain intervention in Burkina Faso. IFPRI Discussion Paper 1913. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133653
https://www.ifpri.org/cdmref/p15738coll2/id/133653/filename/133864.pdf
Leight, Jessica; Awonon, Josue; Pedehombga, Abdoulaye; Ganaba, Rasmané; Martinez, Elena M.; Heckert, Jessica; and Gelli, Aulo. 2020. The impact of an integrated value chain intervention on household poultry production in Burkina Faso: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial. IFPRI Discussion Paper 1919. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133686
https://www.ifpri.org/cdmref/p15738coll2/id/133686/filename/133896.pdf
Eissler, Sarah; Sanou, Armande; Heckert, Jessica; Myers, Emily; Nignan, Safiatou; Thio, Elisabeth; Pitropia, Lucienne Amélie; Ganaba, Rasmané; Pedehombga, Abdoulaye; and Gelli, Aulo. 2020. Gendered participation in poultry value chains: Qualitative findings from an impact evaluation of nutrition-sensitive poultry value chain intervention in Burkina Faso. IFPRI Discussion Paper 1928. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133726
https://www.ifpri.org/cdmref/p15738coll2/id/133726/filename/133937.pdf
Heckert, Jessica; Leight, Jessica; Awonon, Josué; and Gelli, Aulo. 2021. Understanding the role of different program components of a nutrition sensitive intervention in mediating impact: Applying causal mediation analysis to experimental evidence from Burkina Faso. IFPRI Discussion Paper 2072. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.134866
https://www.ifpri.org/cdmref/p15738coll2/id/134866/filename/135077.pdf
Leight, Jessica; Martinez, Elena M.; Heckert, Jessica; and Gelli, Aulo. 2021. The relationship between household gender attitudes and women’s poultry production: Evidence from Burkina Faso. IFPRI Project Note December 2021. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.134839
https://www.ifpri.org/cdmref/p15738coll2/id/134839/filename/135053.pdf
Leight, Jessica; Awonon, Josué; Pedehombga, Abdoulaye; Ganaba, Rasmané; Martinez, Elena M.; Heckert, Jessica; and Gelli, Aulo. 2022 The impact of an integrated value chain intervention on household poultry production in Burkina Faso: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Development Effectiveness 14(2): 108-124. https://doi.org/10.1080/19439342.2021.1968932
Heckert, Jessica; Martinez, Elena M.; Sanou, Armande; Pedehombga, Abdoulaye; Ganaba, Rasmané; and Gelli, Aulo. 2022. Can a gender-sensitive integrated poultry value chain and nutrition intervention among the rural poor increase women’s empowerment in Burkina Faso? IFPRI Discussion Paper 2144. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.136428
https://www.ifpri.org/cdmref/p15738coll2/id/136428/filename/136639.pdf
WINGS (India)
Neha Kumar, Kalyani Raghunathan, Alejandra Arrieta, Amir Jilani, Shinjini Pandey, 2021. The power of the collective empowers women: Evidence from self-help groups in India, World Development 146, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105579
Raghunathan, Kalyani, Samyuktha Kannan, and Agnes R Quisumbing. 2019. “Can Women's Self-Help Groups Improve Access to Information, Decision-Making, and Agricultural Practices? The Indian Case.” Agricultural Economics (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 50 (5): 567–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12510.
(3) Pro-WEAI for Market Inclusion (Pro-WEAI+MI)
Malapit, Hazel J.; Ragasa, Catherine; Martinez, Elena M.; Rubin, Deborah; Seymour, Gregory; and Quisumbing, Agnes R. 2019. Empowerment in agricultural value chains: Mixed methods evidence from the Philippines. IFPRI Discussion Paper 1881. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133456
https://www.ifpri.org/cdmref/p15738coll2/id/133456/filename/133669.pdf
Malapit, Hazel J.; Ragasa, Catherine; Martinez, Elena M.; Rubin, Deborah; Seymour, Greg; and Quisumbing, Agnes. 2020. Empowerment in agricultural value chains: Mixed methods evidence from the Philippines. Journal of Rural Studies 76(May 2020): 240-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.04.003
Ragasa, Catherine; Malapit, Hazel J.; Rubin, Deborah; Myers, Emily; Pereira, Audrey; Martinez, Elena M.; Heckert, Jessica; Seymour, Greg; Mzungu, Diston; Kalagho, Kenan; Kazembe, Cynthia; Thunde, Jack; and Mswelo, Grace. 2021. “It takes two”: Women’s empowerment in agricultural value chains. IFPRI Project Note October 2020. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.134323
https://www.ifpri.org/cdmref/p15738coll2/id/134323/filename/134534.pdf
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). 2020. Pro-WEAI for market inclusion. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). https://ebrary.ifpri.org/digital/collection/p15738coll2/id/134345
https://www.ifpri.org/cdmref/p15738coll2/id/134345/filename/134544.pdf
Eissler, Sarah; Diatta, Ampa Dogui; Heckert, Jessica; and Nordehn, Caitlin. 2021. A qualitative assessment of a gender-sensitive agricultural training program in Benin: Findings on program experience and women’s empowerment across key agricultural value chains. IFPRI Discussion Paper 2005. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.134300
https://www.ifpri.org/cdmref/p15738coll2/id/134300/filename/134511.pdf
Ragasa, Catherine; Malapit, Hazel J.; Rubin, Deborah; Myers, Emily; Pereira, Audrey; Martinez, Elena M.; Heckert, Jessica; Seymour, Greg; Mzungu, Diston; Kalagho, Kenan; Kazembe, Cynthia; Thunde, Jack; and Mswelo, Grace. 2021. "It takes two": Women’s empowerment in agricultural value chains in Malawi. IFPRI Discussion Paper 2006. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.134302
https://www.ifpri.org/cdmref/p15738coll2/id/134302/filename/134513.pdf
Raghunathan, Kalyani; Ramani, Gayathri; Rubin, Deborah; Pereira, Audrey; Ahmed, Akhter; Malapit, Hazel J.; and Quisumbing, Agnes R. 2021. Does market inclusion empower women? Evidence from Bangladesh. IFPRI Discussion Paper 2008. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.134317
https://www.ifpri.org/cdmref/p15738coll2/id/134317/filename/134528.pdf
Quisumbing, A., J. Heckert, S. Faas, G. Raman, K. Raghunathan, H. Malapit, and the pro-WEAI for Market Inclusion Study Team. 2021. Women’s empowerment and gender equality in agricultural value chains: evidence from four countries in Asia and Africa. Food Security. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-021-01193-5
(4) Pro-WEAI for Health and Nutrition (Pro-WEAI+HN)
Heckert, Jessica; Martinez, Elena M.; Seymour, Greg; Pereira, Audrey; Roy, Shalini; Kim, Sunny S.; Malapit, Hazel J. Development and validation of a health and nutrition module for the project-level Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (pro-WEAI+HN). Maternal and Child Nutrition. Article in press. First published online on December 8, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.13464
(5) Reviews of the literature
Doss, Cheryl R.; and Quisumbing, Agnes R. 2020. Understanding rural household behavior: Beyond Boserup and Becker. Agricultural Economics 51(1): 47-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12540
Johnson, Nancy. 2021. Evaluation of the Gender, Agriculture, and Assets Project, Phase 2 gender and empowerment frameworks and tools. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). https://doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.134453
https://www.ifpri.org/cdmref/p15738coll2/id/134453/filename/134664.pdf
Malapit, Hazel J.; Heckert, Jessica; Scott, Jessica; Padmaja, Ravula; and Quisumbing, Agnes R. 2021. Nutrition-sensitive agriculture for gender equality. In Advancing gender equality through agricultural and environmental research: Past, present, and future, eds. Rhiannon Pyburn, and Anouka van Eerdewijk. Chapter 5, Pp. 189-218. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). https://doi.org/10.2499/9780896293915_05
https://www.ifpri.org/cdmref/p15738coll2/id/134686/filename/134901.pdf
Elias, Marlène; Cole, Steven Michael; Quisumbing, Agnes R.; Valencia, Ana Maria Paez; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela; and Twyman, Jennifer. 2021. Assessing women’s empowerment in agricultural research. In Advancing gender equality through agricultural and environmental research: Past, present, and future, eds. Rhiannon Pyburn, and Anouka van Eerdewijk. Chapter 9, Pp. 329-362. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). https://doi.org/10.2499/9780896293915_09
https://www.ifpri.org/cdmref/p15738coll2/id/134684/filename/134902.pdf
Quisumbing, Agnes R.; and Doss, Cheryl R. 2021. Gender in agriculture and food systems. Handbook of Agricultural Economics 5: 4481-4549. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1574007221000098